Here at the south pole, many groups are doing scientific research on a wide variety of topics. IceCube is looking at neutrinos from space; there are several other research projects involving cosmic background radiation from space as well. But the other day I visited a site where the research is a little closer to home. The ARO (Atmospheric Research ObservatoryA location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events.), run but NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), takes data on Earth's atmosphere and tracks various cycles and changes in the air we breathe.
The South Pole is unique in many ways, and the ARO facility takes advantage of the fact that the wind almost always blows in from one direction, and there's nothing in that direction for a thousand miles. No sources of pollution, no living things, just air blowing along across vast plains of snow. The larger particles of dust, soot, and pollution have long since fallen out. Because of this, the air is considered the cleanest air in the world.
The Clean Air Sector is actually marked out on maps of the South Pole, and includes a specific angle of longitudes, and officially extends for hundreds of kilometers out, and 2000 meters up. Vehicles are prohibited in this vast area except under certain official circumstances, to avoid adding any pollution.
The ARO scientists take samples of the air coming from the Clean Air Sector and measure it for various things like greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur hexafluoride) and also take measurements on solar radiation, ozone concentration, and albedo (reflectivity of the snow surface). All these measurements are compared to similar data taken at research stations around the world, and have been used to help predict the effects of climate change.
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